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Open expansion tanks are vented to the atmosphere and are typically used in open systems where the tank is not pressurized. Closed expansion tanks, on the other hand, are pressurized and used in closed systems where the tank is subjected to system pressure. Closed tanks are more common in modern hydronic systems due to their ability to maintain a positive pressure and prevent air from entering the system. Open tanks are often used in older systems or in applications where the system pressure is relatively low. The choice between open and closed tanks depends on the specific system requirements and design.

The latter two points generally apply only to high temperature (greater than approximately 210°F [99°C]) hot water systems. For most HVAC applications, only the first two points need to be considered.

To determine the required expansion tank size, you need to calculate the total volume of the system, including the volume of water in the pipes, radiators, and other components. You should also consider the maximum expected temperature change in the system, as well as the pressure rating of the equipment and piping components. Using formulas such as the one provided in the ASHRAE Handbook or other industry resources, you can calculate the required tank size based on these factors. It’s essential to consult with a qualified engineer or technician to ensure accurate calculations and proper tank sizing.

While standard formulas can provide a good starting point for calculating expansion tank size, there are other factors to consider, such as system complexity, piping layout, and equipment specifications. For example, systems with multiple loops or zones may require larger tanks to accommodate the additional volume changes. Additionally, the type of fluid used in the system, such as water or glycol, can affect the tank sizing calculation. It’s essential to consider these factors and consult with industry resources or a qualified engineer to ensure accurate tank sizing.

Our solar technology requires almost no maintenance except for making sure the collector surface is clean. We do however recommend that the system be checked annually to ensure that you are getting the best possible efficiency out of the system.

Comparing the denominator of this Equation to Equation for Closed Tank (no precharge), this formula is clearly for sizing a nonprecharged tank; it will overestimate the size of a precharged tank. The numerator is a curve fit of Ve ; it assumes a minimum temperature of 65°F (18°C) and is only accurate in the range of about 170°F to 230°F (77°C to 110°C) average operating temperature. Therefore, this equation cannot be used for very high temperature hot water (e.g. 350°F [177°C]), closed-circuit condenser water, or chilled water systems.

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For vented tanks, the pressures are all the same and the dominator limits to 1, so the tank size is simply the volume of expanded water:

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ITS evacuated tube and ITS flat plate solar collector products are both of very high standard and offer superior performance when compared to many other brands on the market. There are a lot of different arguments about which type of collector is better and unfortunately this is often driven by what technology that company sells and not based on facts. Evacuated tube collectors are more efficient in high temperature application and is frost resistant. Flat plate collectors are more cost effective and great for normal household geyser temperatures. Frost protection must however be provided by a solar controller or glycol in an indirect system configuration.

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For unvented plain steel tanks, the starting pressure is typically atmospheric pressure with the tank empty (no precharge). The tank is then connected to the makeup water, which pressurizes the tank to the fill pressure by displacing air in the system, essentially wasting part of the tank volume. So the sizing equation is:

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Unless precharged to the minimum operating pressure prior to connection to the system, this style of tank also must be larger than precharged tanks. Accordingly, this design is also almost never used anymore.

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Undersizing an expansion tank can lead to several consequences, including increased system pressure, reduced system efficiency, and potential equipment damage. Insufficient tank capacity can cause the system to exceed the pressure rating of equipment and piping components, leading to premature failure or even catastrophic failure. Additionally, undersizing can result in inadequate pressure maintenance, allowing air to enter the system and causing corrosion, erosion, and other issues.

Yes. Although the heat output of the solar collector is reduced on overcast days it will still be able to provide heating. Approximately 25-30% of the suns energy actually gets through the clouds.

Expansion tanks are a necessary part of all closed hydronic systems to control both minimum and maximum pressure throughout the system. Expansion tanks are provided in closed hydronic systems to (1) accept changes in system water volume as water density changes with temperature to keep system pressures below equipment and piping system component pressure rating limits. Also, (2) maintain a positive gauge pressure in all parts of the system to prevent air from leaking into the system. (3) Maintain sufficient pressures in all parts of the system to prevent boiling, including cavitation at control valves and similar constrictions. (4) Maintain net positive suction head required (NPSHR) at the suction of pumps.

This equation includes the credit for the expansion of the piping system. This term is also relatively small and the expansion coefficients are hard to determine given the various materials in the system, but it is included in Equation above since it is included in the ASHRAE Handbook sizing equations. This term is also included in some, but not most, expansion tank manufacturers’ selection software. Most manufacturers conservatively ignore this term since it is small and no larger than the terms already ignored in the above Equation. Ignoring this term results in Equation below:

On our evacuated tube heat pipe solar collectors the system will remain operational. The efficiency of the system will be reduced by the percentage surface area lost. Replacing the broken glass tube is a very simple and inexpensive operation.

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The solar collector, located on the roof, collects the suns energy and transfers the heat to the storage tank. The storage tank allows the hot water to be stored until it is used at night or in the morning.

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If the storage tank (geyser) can be mounted higher than the solar collector, the rising of the hot water can cause the transfer of the heat from the collector to the tank. This is called a thermosiphon system. If the storage tank is mounted lower than the solar collector a circulation pump and differential temperature controllers is required. This is called a pumped system.

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Note that this equation only applies when the tank is precharged to the required Pi . Tanks are factory charged to a standard precharge of 12 psig (83 kPag).

This is the same tank style as the vented tank, but with the vent capped. This allows the tank to be located anywhere in the system and work with higher temperatures. But they still have the air/water contact that allows for corrosion, and sometimes a gradual loss of air from the tank as it is absorbed into the water.

Solar hot water systems can save the home owner or business a substantial amount of money and drastically reduce global warming. At current energy prices, these systems can pay for themselves in 2-5 years, depending on the application.

For any tank that is precharged to the required initial pressure, including properly charged diaphragm and bladder tanks, but also including closed plain steel tanks if precharged, Ps is equal to Pi so the sizing equation reduces to:

This was the first design of a compression tank that included an air/water barrier (a flexible membrane, to eliminate air migration) and that was designed to be precharged (to reduce tank size). The flexible diaphragm typically is attached to the side of the tank near the middle and is not field replaceable; if the diaphragm ruptures, the tank must be replaced.

The general formula for tank sizing, Equation 1 (with variable names adjusted to match those used in this article), from basic principles assuming perfect gas laws:

Regular inspection and maintenance of the expansion tank are crucial to ensure optimal system performance and prevent potential issues. It’s recommended to inspect the tank at least annually, checking for signs of corrosion, damage, or leakage. Additionally, the tank should be drained and cleaned periodically to remove sediment and debris that can affect its performance. The frequency of maintenance may vary depending on the system design, operating conditions, and local regulations. Consult with a qualified technician or the tank manufacturer’s guidelines for specific maintenance recommendations.

The last term (0.02 Vs ) accounts for additional air from desorption from dissolved air in the water. This equation can be simplified to Equation below by ignoring small terms and assuming tank temperature stays close to the initial fill temperature (typically a good assumption, assuming no insulation on the tank or piping to it, which is a common, and recommended, practice):

On average for every 1kWh of energy produced by a coal power station, 0.966kg of carbon dioxide is produced. Now, a good quality solar system with 3m2 of solar collector area will on average generate 7kWh of thermal energy per day. Therefore, you will personally be responsible for saving our environment of another 2470 kg of carbon dioxide per year. Carbon dioxide traps heat in our atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect, which alters our planet’s climate and ecological systems. Using solar energy in place of non-renewable fuels may also reduce nitrous oxides and sulphur dioxides, which are components of smog.

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For higher desired precharge pressures, either a special order can be made from the factory or the contractor must increase the pressure with compressed air or a hand pump. But it is not uncommon for this to be overlooked. This oversight can be compensated for by sizing the tank using Equation below (assuming atmospheric pressure at sea level):

Modern solar systems are designed to be maintenance free but due to poor water quality in some areas and dust cleaning is needed. ITS recommends an annual check-up of the system to ensure that your system is providing you with the biggest possible saving. During this check-up the collector surface can then also be cleaned and de-scaling can be done.

The numerator is the volume of the expanded water, Ve , as it warms from minimum to maximum temperatures, so the equation can be written:

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Since they are vented, open tanks must be located at the highest point of the system. Water temperature cannot be above 212°F (100°C), and the open air/water contact results in a constant migration of air into the system, causing corrosion. Accordingly, this design is almost never used anymore.

Bladder tanks use a balloon-like bladder to accept the expanded water. Bladders are often sized for the entire tank volume, called a “full acceptance” bladder, to avoid damage to the bladder in case they become waterlogged. Bladders are gener ally field replaceable. This is now the most common type of large commercial expansion tank.

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ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code-2015, Section VI, includes sizing equations (as do the UMC and IMC, which extract the equations verbatim), as shown in Equation below, with variables revised to match those used in this article: