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Vent – Built into the cover, allowing the regulator to breathe during normal operation. Vents can also be placed where the relief mechanism discharges.

Explore propane, line pressure, appliance, and high-flow regulators and accessories at FW Webb. A regulator is the heart of a propane system.

How do I know if the expansion tank is working properly or not? Answer: Watch the boiler pressure gauge as the system heats up. If the pressure rises noticeably then the tank is (a) undersized (b) waterlogged (compression tank) (c) ruptured bladder (bladder/diaphragm tank) (d) not adequately pre-charged (bladder/diaphragm) or (e) Valve is closed isolating expansion tank from the system.

Line (appliance) – Placed before the appliance and decreases the pressure from 2 pounds to inches of water column (often 11). Does not have integral relief and usually uses a vent limiter.

I typically write about personal safety, but in this article, I take a different approach and talk about a key element of safety within a typical residential propane system, the propane regulator.

Hot water tank

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There are two main types of expansion tanks: Compression and Bladder/Diaphragm. A compression tank (also called a plain steel tank) is always mounted horizontally somewhere above the boiler – the higher the location, the smaller the tank. Bladder/diaphragm tanks have a ring base that sits on the floor so they are much easier to set in place. A compression tank has no internal parts and usually a gauge glass on the side to show the amount of air in the tank. Bladder/diaphragm tanks have an internal butyl rubber bladder attached to the system water connection. This bladder is surrounded by air in the tank that is pre-charged with compressed air at a pressure equal to the highest static water pressure in the system plus 5 PSI. Compression tanks and bladder tanks are full acceptance tanks and diaphragm tanks are partial acceptance tanks which is only important when it comes to sizing the tanks for the system. Bladder tanks have replaceable bladders in case they rupture and diaphragm tanks do not. Bladder/diaphragm tanks have temperature limits of 240 F. For systems operating over this temperature, an ASME compression tank of the proper pressure and temperature rating may be used or in some cases a thermal leg piping arrangement can be used to dissipate heat and keep the bladder/diaphragm tanks under 240 F.

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Automatic changeover – Similar to an integral two-stage regulator in regard to pressure regulation but also has a mechanism that allows it to monitor vapor pressure switching from one tank to another in a multi-tank installation. Read more: Understand automatic changeover regulators

Should the system be filled and pressurized before the Bladder/Diaphragm tanks are charged with air? No, these tanks must be pre-charged with air before the system is filled and pressurized. Most Bladder/Diaphragm tanks are pre-charged with 12 PSI air pressure. The contractor should check the air pressure in the tank and add air pressure (if required) to 5 PSI over the maximum static pressure in the system. Static pressure can be found by dividing the total height of the system in feet by 2.31. Add 5 PSI to the static pressure and this is the pressure that the tank should be pre-charged to. Write this number on the tank for future reference. When doing semi-annual testing of the air pressure in the tank, valve the tank off from the system, drain until the water pressure at the tank is zero, then check the tank’s air pressure with the schrader valve and add air if necessary.

Because the regulator is the heart of the propane system and is the key element in ensuring safety, it is important to understand how it works. The Certified Employee Training Program and the consumer education materials provided by the Propane Education & Research Council are excellent sources of information.

Integral two-stage (twin) – Some smaller load systems can bring container pressure down to inches of water column with a regulator that has both stages built in, sometimes referred to as a twin-stage or piggyback regulator.

NOTE: The opinions and viewpoints expressed herein are solely the author’s and should in no way be interpreted as those of LP Gas magazine or any of its staff members.

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While features vary among manufacturers, the basic components are the same in most regulators. The main parts of a regulator include:

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Sizing expansion tanks: The following information is required: (a) Total system gallons (boiler + piping + heating coils). (b) Fill water temperature (use 40-50 degrees F. for most applications). (c) Maximum hot water operating temperature (d) Boiler relief valve setting (most new Rite Hot Water Boilers have 125 PSI relief valve settings). (e) Static pressure at expansion tank location after the system is filled with cold water (Use 1 PSI for every 2.31 feet of system piping above the expansion tank). These numbers are then entered into our sizing program to determine the model tank you need for the job.

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Air in system: Air can cause knocking and hammering noises inside a boiler when it fires. While this is more annoying than harmful, entrained air also acts as an insulator and will lower boiler efficiency. It is therefore important to eliminate air from the system. In compression expansion tanks, air is in direct contact with the water. In Bladder/Diaphragm tanks the air is not in direct contact with the water. Why is this important? Because when the system cools down the volume of water will shrink. Furthermore if the water is in direct contact with air it will absorb more air as it gets cooler. In systems with compression tanks, this air can get back into the main piping and work its way back through the boiler until it reaches the air separator where it will separate out and follow the piping back up to the expansion tank where it belongs. Do not put automatic air vents on systems with compression tanks as eliminating this air will eventually reduce the air volume in the tank until it isn’t enough to be effective or becomes waterlogged. Gauge glass seals and valve packings on compression tanks may also be a slow escape path for air and eventually cause the tank to lose its air cushion. System connection to a compression tank should always be with a B&G Airtrol Fitting which acts like a trap to help keep air in the tank. If the system stays hot all the time then the shrinkage and air getting back into the system will not happen. Systems using compression tanks are called air control systems.

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Location: The expansion tank should always be tied into the system on the suction side of the system pump, never on the discharge side of the pump. This is also called the point of no pressure change in the system. Compression type tanks point-of-connection to the system should be above the air separator (if supplied) or the air elimination fitting on the boiler if a separator was not supplied. Air separators should be installed in the piping between the boiler hot water outlet and the suction side of the pump.

Two pound – Placed at the residence and decreases the pressure from first-stage regulator to 2 pounds. Used in newer systems where the gas vapor demand requires additional regulation before the appliance.

Second stage (low pressure) – Typically placed at the residence and decreases the pressure from the first-stage regulator to inches of water column (often 11).

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Never attempt to modify, manipulate or repair regulators unless you are qualified to do so and have approval from the manufacturer.

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There are many different types of regulators designed to fit different applications. Sizing a regulator correctly for the load on the system is very important. Types of regulators used in residential applications include:

Inlet and outlet ports – The inlet is where gas vapor enters the regulator and the outlet is where it exits the regulator.

Systems using Bladder/Diaphragm tanks are called air elimination or air removal systems. This system uses air separators and manual or automatic air vents to get rid of air in the system.

The purpose of the regulator is to control the flow of gas vapor from the container to the burner tip. The regulator ensures safety by providing over-pressure protection, usually by means of a pressure relief device. This is why we often refer to the regulator as the heart of the propane system.

An expansion tank is required on all closed loop heating boiler systems. As a boiler heats the system water, the water will expand in volume. Water cannot be compressed but air can, so an expansion tank uses air (or an inert gas like nitrogen) that acts like a cushion or spring against this force. It is vital that the pressure in the system does not approach the boiler relief valve setting or the relief valve may open. That is the main function of an expansion tank.

Relief – If excess pressure flow beyond the capacity of the regulator occurs, the relief mechanism (spring) allows the propane vapor to exit through the relief valve. This prevents excess pressure from building.

In general, heating systems in one or two story buildings may favor a lower cost compression tank. When boiler rooms are at the bottom of taller buildings, bladder tanks will be the better choice because they can be up to 75% smaller than compression tanks due to their pre-charging ability. Also, the bigger the compression tank the more it will weigh (the tank plus 8.3 lbs. per gallon of water inside) and the more it will cost to engineer and hang it securely.