Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker - Model GFAVB - The atmospheric vacuum breaker is one of the least expensive backflow prevention assembly. The GFAVB is a non-testable unit and are good for back siphonage only for non-health hazard or health hazard conditions. They must be installed downstream from any shut off valves and cannot be under pressure for more than 12 hours. If an GFAVB is used backflow prevention on a irrigation system you must install one GFAVB after every valve for each zone in the system. It must also be installed at least 6 inches (150 mm) higher than the highest outlet in the system (some GFAVB manufacturers, and some local officials, require that they be installed 12 inches (300 mm) higher than the highest outlet). Some municipalities do not allow the use of GFAVB’s. These units will NOT prevent backflow pressure and can only protect against back siphonage.

Double CheckValve

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2 "The International System of Units" (SI) (2006, 8th ed.). Bureau international des poids et mesures pp. 142–143. ISBN 92-822-2213-6

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If we further know that the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 we can calculate the mass flow rate to be 17.6715 m3/h · 1000 kg/m3 = 17671.5 kg/h (= 17.6715 tonnes per hour, m3 cancels out).

Backflow is the undesirable reversal in the flow of water from a real or potential source of contamination back to the potable (or clean) water supply. Consider having a garden hose in a bucket of soapy water at your home, and having backflow event occur causing that soapy water to "backflow" into the drinking water portion of your home. Various types of backflow preventers exist for different applications and health hazard conditions, check state and other local administrative codes or other regulation on the correct backflow to use. The most common are reduced pressure backflow preventer and double check backflow preventer valves. Backflow preventers are primarily used in sewer, wastewater, residential backflow preventer, sprinkler and irrigation backflow applications.

Various types of backflow preventers exist for different applications and health hazard conditions, check state and other local administrative codes or other regulation on the correct backflow to use. The following backflow preventer types are available in all sizes:

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In flow velocity mode one needs to know the flow velocity of the gas or fluid (feet per second, meters per second, km/h, etc. are accepted) in order to calculate the flow rate.

The resulting Q is the volumetric flow rate. In the case of a round pipe the cross-sectional area is the inner diameter divided by 2 times π while if it is rectangular the area is the inner width times the inner height. The equation can be transformed in a straightforward way to allow for solving for the cross-section area or velocity.

This pipe flow rate calculator calculates the volumetric flow rate (discharge rate) a gas or fluid (liquid) going through a round or rectangular pipe of known dimensions. If the substance is a liquid and its volumetric density is known the calculator will also output the mass flow rate (more information is required to calculate it for gases and it is currently not supported).

1 NIST Special Publication 330 (2008) - "The International System of Units (SI)", edited by Barry N.Taylor and Ambler Thompson, p. 52

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The volumetric flow rate of a stream of liquid or gas is equal to the flow velocity multiplied by its cross-sectional area. Therefore, the formula for flow rate (Q), also known as "discharge rate" expressed in terms of the flow area (A) and its velocity (v) is the so-called discharge equation:

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The output is in either imperial or metric units, depending on your selection. Some of the output units include: m3/h, m3/min, m3/s, l/h, l/min, l/s, ft3/h, ft3/min, ft3/s, yd3/h, yd3/min, yd3/s, gallons per hour, gallons per minute. Output units for mass flow rate include: kg/h, kg/mins, kg/s, tonnes/h, lb/h, lb/min, lb/s, tons/h. The output metrics are automatically adjusted for your convenience.

Flow rate calculation using pressure is done via the Hagen–Poiseuille equation which describes the pressure drop due to the fluid viscosity [3]. To calculate flow rate from pressure the formula is expressed as such:

An example application is if one has manometers measuring the pressure of the fluid or gas at the start an the end of the section of piping that the flow rate is to be calculated for. The graph illustrates a general case where that applies.

In pressure difference mode the calculator requires the input of the pressure before the pipe (or venturi, nozzle, or orifice) as well as at its end, as well as its cross-section, e.g. pressure and diameter for a round pipe. Supported input units include pascals (Pa), bars, atmospheres, pounds per square inch (psi), and more for pressure and kg/m·s, N·s/m2, Pa·s, and cP (centipoise) for dynamic viscosity.

In the Poiseuille equation (p1 - p2) = Δp is the pressure difference between the ends of the pipe (pressure drop), μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, L and R are the length and radius of the pipe segment in question, and π is the constant Pi ≈ 3.14159 to the fifth significant digit.

Dual Check Valve - Model GF8080, GF8080E - The Dual Check Valve or double backflow prevention valve is basically a stripped down Double Check Valve without shut off valves and test cocks. They are non-testable and are typically used by water companies and installed after a water meter to prevent the meter from running backwards and low protection against backflow. This piece of equipment is the center of controversy with many backflow authorities and should never be confused with Double Check Valves. Check with local authorities for required installation, as most do not recognize these as backflow prevention devices.

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If you'd like to cite this online calculator resource and information as provided on the page, you can use the following citation: Georgiev G.Z., "Flow Rate Calculator", [online] Available at: https://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/pipe-flow-rate-calculator.php URL [Accessed Date: 02 Nov, 2024].

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The term "Cross-Connection Control" is essentially is referring to backflow prevention. The definition of a Cross Connection is "A cross connection is the actual or potential connection between a non-potable substance or source." Local authorities will dictate what types of backflow preventers may not be used depending on the backflow risk and health hazard. Sewer, irrigation, wastewater and residential are the main areas. There are two types of backflow, the first is back pressure where the pressure in the downstream piping is greater than the supply pressure, this is caused by a pump or elevation of water in a high rise building, the other type of backflow is back siphonage which is caused by sub-atmospheric pressure in the water system piping.

There are two main approaches to calculating the flow rate Q which is equivalent to the difference in volume divided by the difference in time (Δv / Δt). The first one is if we know the pressure difference (pressure drop) between the two points for which we want to estimate the flow. The second one is if we know the fluid velocity. Both are covered below.

Easily calculate the volumetric flow rate of a pipe (a.k.a. discharge rate) given its dimensions and either a pressure difference between its ends or the velocity of the liquid or gas flowing through it. The flow rate calculator can also calculate the mass flow rate of a fluid given its density is known. Input and output support metric and imperial measurement units.

The mass flow rate ṁ is the flow of mass m through a surface per unit time t, therefore the formula for mass flow rate, given the volumetric flow rate, is ṁ = Q * ρ where ρ (Greek lower-case letter rho) is the volumetric density of the substance. This equation is applicable to liquids whereas for gaseous substances some additional information is required to perform the calculations. The above formulas are the ones employed in this flow rate calculator.

Example 1: A round pipe has a diameter of 25 mm and water is running through it with a velocity of 10 m/s. What is the flow rate of the water? First, we calculate the cross-section area to be (25/2)^2 · 3.1416 ~= 490.875 mm2 via the area of a circle formula. We can convert this to m2 by dividing by 1,000,000 for more convenient results, getting 0.000490875 m2. Using the flow rate equation above we replace the values for A and v and get Q = 0.000490875 m2 · 10 m/s) = 0.00490875 m3/s. To convert this to m3/h we need to multiply by 3,600 to get a discharge rate of 17.6715 m3 per hour.

Example 2: A rectangular pipe has a height of 2cm and width of 4cm and a gas running through it at a speed of 15 m/s. What is the discharge rate of this pipe? First, we find the cross-section area via the formula for the area of a rectangle which is simply 2 · 4 = 8 cm2 or 0.0008 m2. To find the flow rate Q, we multiply 0.0008 by 15 to get 0.012 cubic meters per second. To get litres per second we simply need to multiply by 1,000 to get 12 l/s. If we wanted to get liters per hour, we can further multiply by 3600 to get 43,200 litres per hour.

Our calculator is especially useful if the input units for the calculation are different from the desired output units, in which case it will perform these unit conversions for you.

It should be noted that the Poiseuille formula for calculating a pipe's flow rate through pressure does not work so well for gases where additional information is required for an accurate computation.