The automatic water feed valve reduces the incoming water pressure from the building supply side down to (typically) 12 psi. That's because the normal in-boiler ...

To size water pipes correctly is critical for the performance of your design. Below, we will explore the issues caused by incorrectly sized pipes, explain what to consider when sizing pipes, and work through an example pipe sizing project.

This level of detail ensured that the heating load accurately matched each space's requirements, minimising energy waste and maximising comfort.

The updated pipe sizes based on the new sizing parameter are shown below - the only change being an increase to the ‘Incoming Pipe’ from 15mm (1/2") to 22mm (3/4"):

Without it, the system’s water quality is significantly reduced. This can be a major risk in some buildings, especially in healthcare and aged care.

This involves analysing the trade-offs between meeting velocity limits, maintaining self-cleansing velocity, and minimising pressure drop to avoid the need for additional pumps.

Aside from the excessive materials and their associated cost, the main issue is that a self-cleansing velocity is not reached within the pipe.

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Reduced pressure zone devices, double-check valves and air gaps are common types of backflow preventers installed on plumbing systems that require protection.

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h2x software can assist in optimising pipe sizing based on different design parameters by automating velocity and pressure calculations and providing insights into the performance of the piping system.

It can literally be impossible to design to all three of the parameters as they contradict each other in some scenarios.

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If you need to make a big decision on what parameter to use, it is important to talk to your manager and project team to assess the options and determine the best way to proceed.

Using the Darcy Weisbach equation, we can check the pressure drop through each pipe size until we get a result that is less than 1.825kPa per metre (0.082psi/ft).

When drawing the pipe layout, the most important thing is to take the most direct route possible - use the least amount of bends and pipe length to get from the water main to the fixtures.

CASE STUDIES Greengate, UK "I would estimate over the length of this project, I have spent 50% less time designing than I would on our previous software. The ability to output the design straight into Revit assisted clash detection and coordination." Read the full case study

How does the design process differ when considering different parameters like maximum velocity, minimum velocity, and pressure drop per meter?

Through its intuitive interface and powerful simulation capabilities, h2x enables engineers to efficiently design and optimise water pipe systems to meet project requirements.

The pressure at the fixture is 95.74kPa (13.9psi), which is 4.26kPa (0.6psi) below the required minimum pressure (100kPa / 14.5psi).

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So another parameter to design is to work out how much pressure you can lose through your pipes and then size the pipes based on not exceeding that.

It achieves this by utilising engineering principles and algorithms to analyse the layout and sizing of the pipes, taking into account factors such as fluid flow rates, pipe materials, and system constraints.

If you solely design to the velocity parameters, this can lead you to have a high amount of pressure loss through the system. Consequently, this could mean you need a pump.

"The software offers precision through detailed result outputs and advanced options for efficient pipe sizing, allowing heating engineers to optimise based on parameters like maximum velocity and pressure drop."

CASE STUDIES Salon Republic, USA "The quality of the designs saw significant improvement with the adoption of h2x." "The software offers precision through detailed result outputs and advanced options for efficient pipe sizing, allowing heating engineers to optimise based on parameters like maximum velocity and pressure drop." Read the full case study

The reduced pressure drop through the larger 22mm (1/2") pipe means that the pressure at the fixture is now 114.26kPa (16.6psi), which is 14.26kPa (2.1psi) above the required minimum pressure (100kPa / 14.5psi):

Whilst it is compulsory for your project to be compliant with relevant Standards, it is also very important that the design is fit for purpose.

Besides pipe size, other factors that can affect pressure drop in a water pipe system include the type of pipe material, the number and type of fittings and valves used, the layout and configuration of the piping network, and the fluid properties such as viscosity and temperature.

Flow rate calculator

There is no definitive answer to this but the general consensus is that pipe velocities should be kept above 0.6m/s (2 ft/s) to maintain the self-cleansing velocity.

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However, that may not necessarily be the best result for the client due to the space, cost, and energy that is associated with adding a pump to the design.

"I would estimate over the length of this project, I have spent 50% less time designing than I would on our previous software.

Meeting the self-cleansing velocity prevents microorganisms from building up in the pipes and therefore helps to stop the growth of biofilm.

Pipes within the hot water systems should be designed to a lower maximum velocity than cold water pipes due to the risk of erosion-corrosion increasing at higher water temperatures

CASE STUDIES Award-Winning Heating Design "Using h2x was pivotal, allowing for precise heat loss calculations, pipe sizing and flow rates for each room. This level of detail ensured that the heating load accurately matched each space's requirements, minimising energy waste and maximising comfort. The strategic placement of heat pumps and careful sizing of pipework were crucial in maintaining minimal pressure drops over an 18-metre distance." Read the full case study

Pipe velocity

The pressure at the fixture is 123.74kPa (18psi), which is 23.74kPa (3.5psi) above the required minimum pressure (100kPa / 14.5psi).

Gravitypipeflow calculator

The strategic placement of heat pumps and careful sizing of pipework were crucial in maintaining minimal pressure drops over an 18-metre distance."

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When considering parameters like maximum velocity, minimum velocity, and pressure drop per meter, engineers need to balance these factors to ensure optimal performance of the water pipe system.