11: (a) What is the fluid speed in a fire hose with a 9.00-cm diameter carrying 80.0 L of water per second? (b) What is the flow rate in cubic meters per second? (c) Would your answers be different if salt water replaced the fresh water in the fire hose?

13: Water is moving at a velocity of 2.00 m/s through a hose with an internal diameter of 1.60 cm. (a) What is the flow rate in liters per second? (b) The fluid velocity in this hose’s nozzle is 15.0 m/s. What is the nozzle’s inside diameter?

solving for[latex]\boldsymbol{\bar{v}_2}[/latex]and substituting[latex]\boldsymbol{\pi{r}^2}[/latex]for the cross-sectional area yields

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Note that the speed of flow in the capillaries is considerably reduced relative to the speed in the aorta due to the significant increase in the total cross-sectional area at the capillaries. This low speed is to allow sufficient time for effective exchange to occur although it is equally important for the flow not to become stationary in order to avoid the possibility of clotting. Does this large number of capillaries in the body seem reasonable? In active muscle, one finds about 200 capillaries per[latex]\boldsymbol{\textbf{mm}^3},[/latex]or about[latex]\boldsymbol{200\times10^6}[/latex]per 1 kg of muscle. For 20 kg of muscle, this amounts to about[latex]\boldsymbol{4\times10^9}[/latex]capillaries.

In many situations, including in the cardiovascular system, branching of the flow occurs. The blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that subdivide into smaller arteries (arterioles) which branch into very fine vessels called capillaries. In this situation, continuity of flow is maintained but it is the sum of the flow rates in each of the branches in any portion along the tube that is maintained. The equation of continuity in a more general form becomes

Flow rate and velocity are related, but quite different, physical quantities. To make the distinction clear, think about the flow rate of a river. The greater the velocity of the water, the greater the flow rate of the river. But flow rate also depends on the size of the river. A rapid mountain stream carries far less water than the Amazon River in Brazil, for example. The precise relationship between flow rate[latex]\boldsymbol{Q}[/latex]and velocity[latex]\boldsymbol{\bar{v}}[/latex]is

7: (a) As blood passes through the capillary bed in an organ, the capillaries join to form venules (small veins). If the blood speed increases by a factor of 4.00 and the total cross-sectional area of the venules is[latex]\boldsymbol{10.0\textbf{ cm}^2},[/latex]what is the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries feeding these venules? (b) How many capillaries are involved if their average diameter is[latex]\boldsymbol{10.0\:\mu\textbf{m}}?[/latex]

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Figure 2 shows an incompressible fluid flowing along a pipe of decreasing radius. Because the fluid is incompressible, the same amount of fluid must flow past any point in the tube in a given time to ensure continuity of flow. In this case, because the cross-sectional area of the pipe decreases, the velocity must necessarily increase. This logic can be extended to say that the flow rate must be the same at all points along the pipe. In particular, for points 1 and 2,

which flows past the point[latex]\textbf{P}[/latex]in a time[latex]\boldsymbol{t}.[/latex]Dividing both sides of this relationship by[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]gives

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Pressure is not a problem for Mueller Steam Specialty. "Y" strainers are available for pressures from ANSI Class 125 through Class 2500 and higher.

The SI unit for flow rate is[latex]\boldsymbol{\textbf{m}^3\textbf{/s}},[/latex]but a number of other units for[latex]\boldsymbol{Q}[/latex]are in common use. For example, the heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 liters per minute (L/min). Note that a liter (L) is 1/1000 of a cubic meter or 1000 cubic centimeters ([latex]\boldsymbol{10^{-3}\textbf{ m}^3}[/latex]or[latex]\boldsymbol{10^3\textbf{ cm}^3}[/latex]). In this text we shall use whatever metric units are most convenient for a given situation.

A speed of 1.96 m/s is about right for water emerging from a nozzleless hose. The nozzle produces a considerably faster stream merely by constricting the flow to a narrower tube.

DUPLEX STRAINERS Many times, critical systems cannot be shut down for strainer basket cleaning. These systems include cooling water, compressors, condensers, fire lines, fuel lines, chemical process systems, pump suction applications and other similar services. For these applications, the Mueller Steam Specialty Duplex Strainer is the perfect choice. For sizes 3/4" through 6", the Revolutionary Ball-Plex™ duplex strainer from Mueller Steam Specialty has all of the features you need. Bubble tight seating, true in-line maintainability, extremely easy seat replacement and long, trouble-free service life in a very simple and rugged design.

3: Blood is pumped from the heart at a rate of 5.0 L/min into the aorta (of radius 1.0 cm). Determine the speed of blood through the aorta.

12: The main uptake air duct of a forced air gas heater is 0.300 m in diameter. What is the average speed of air in the duct if it carries a volume equal to that of the house’s interior every 15 min? The inside volume of the house is equivalent to a rectangular solid 13.0 m wide by 20.0 m long by 2.75 m high.

We maintain a large stock of both standard and special sizes and materials. This stock includes end connections of threaded, flanged, socket weld, butt weld, solder, silbraze and grooved ends. We also have units with screwed caps, bolted caps, hinge type covers and swing type clamp covers.

This amount is about 200,000 tons of blood. For comparison, this value is equivalent to about 200 times the volume of water contained in a 6-lane 50-m lap pool.

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This is called the equation of continuity and is valid for any incompressible fluid. The consequences of the equation of continuity can be observed when water flows from a hose into a narrow spray nozzle: it emerges with a large speed—that is the purpose of the nozzle. Conversely, when a river empties into one end of a reservoir, the water slows considerably, perhaps picking up speed again when it leaves the other end of the reservoir. In other words, speed increases when cross-sectional area decreases, and speed decreases when cross-sectional area increases.

BASKET TYPE STRAINERS Mueller Steam Specialty Simplex Basket Strainers are called for when the application requires a strainer with an extremely large capacity. Most of these strainers have an open area ratio of 6 to 1 with even greater open area ratios available. As with all of the Mueller Steam Specialty strainers, basket strainers are available in an almost endless combination of materials, pressures, end connections and cover confi gurations from 1/4" to 24" (72" in fabricated units). Units are also available in cast iron, bronze, carbon steel, stainless steel, Alloy 20 and most other alloys. The baskets in the Mueller Steam Specialty simplex basket strainers share the same quality of construction as the Mueller Steam "Y" strainers. From threaded end connections to offset fl anged connections, we can provide the exact basket strainer to meet your needs.

9: (a) Estimate the time it would take to fill a private swimming pool with a capacity of 80,000 L using a garden hose delivering 60 L/min. (b) How long would it take to fill if you could divert a moderate size river, flowing at[latex]\boldsymbol{5000\textbf{ m}^3\textbf{/s}},[/latex]into it?

Using[latex]\boldsymbol{n_1A_1\bar{v}_1=n_2A_2\bar{v}_1},[/latex]assigning the subscript 1 to the aorta and 2 to the capillaries, and solving for[latex]\boldsymbol{n_2}[/latex](the number of capillaries) gives[latex]\boldsymbol{n_2=\frac{n_1A_1\bar{v}_1}{A_2\bar{v}_2}}.[/latex]Converting all quantities to units of meters and seconds and substituting into the equation above gives

2: Many figures in the text show streamlines. Explain why fluid velocity is greatest where streamlines are closest together. (Hint: Consider the relationship between fluid velocity and the cross-sectional area through which it flows.)

College Physics: OpenStax Copyright © August 22, 2016 by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

5: The Huka Falls on the Waikato River is one of New Zealand’s most visited natural tourist attractions (see Figure 3). On average the river has a flow rate of about 300,000 L/s. At the gorge, the river narrows to 20 m wide and averages 20 m deep. (a) What is the average speed of the river in the gorge? (b) What is the average speed of the water in the river downstream of the falls when it widens to 60 m and its depth increases to an average of 40 m?

We note that[latex]\boldsymbol{Q=V/t}[/latex]and the average speed is[latex]\boldsymbol{v\bar{v}=d/t}.[/latex]Thus the equation becomes[latex]\boldsymbol{Q=A\bar{v}}.[/latex]

Since liquids are essentially incompressible, the equation of continuity is valid for all liquids. However, gases are compressible, and so the equation must be applied with caution to gases if they are subjected to compression or expansion.

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14: Prove that the speed of an incompressible fluid through a constriction, such as in a Venturi tube, increases by a factor equal to the square of the factor by which the diameter decreases. (The converse applies for flow out of a constriction into a larger-diameter region.)

A nozzle with a radius of 0.250 cm is attached to a garden hose with a radius of 0.900 cm. The flow rate through hose and nozzle is 0.500 L/s. Calculate the speed of the water (a) in the hose and (b) in the nozzle.

We could repeat this calculation to find the speed in the nozzle[latex]\boldsymbol{\bar{v}_2},[/latex]but we will use the equation of continuity to give a somewhat different insight. Using the equation which states

We can use the relationship between flow rate and speed to find both velocities. We will use the subscript 1 for the hose and 2 for the nozzle.

where[latex]\boldsymbol{n_1}[/latex]and[latex]\boldsymbol{n_2}[/latex]are the number of branches in each of the sections along the tube.

15: Water emerges straight down from a faucet with a 1.80-cm diameter at a speed of 0.500 m/s. (Because of the construction of the faucet, there is no variation in speed across the stream.) (a) What is the flow rate in[latex]\boldsymbol{\textbf{ cm}^3\textbf{/s}}?[/latex](b) What is the diameter of the stream 0.200 m below the faucet? Neglect any effects due to surface tension.

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8: The human circulation system has approximately[latex]\boldsymbol{1\times10^9}[/latex]capillary vessels. Each vessel has a diameter of about[latex]\boldsymbol{8\:\mu\textbf{m}}.[/latex]Assuming cardiac output is 5 L/min, determine the average velocity of blood flow through each capillary vessel.

Time and flow rate[latex]\boldsymbol{Q}[/latex]are given, and so the volume[latex]\boldsymbol{V}[/latex]can be calculated from the definition of flow rate.

The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is[latex]\boldsymbol{8.0\:\mu},[/latex]calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system.

6: A major artery with a cross-sectional area of[latex]\boldsymbol{1.00\textbf{ cm}^2}[/latex]branches into 18 smaller arteries, each with an average cross-sectional area of[latex]\boldsymbol{0.400\textbf{ cm}^2}.[/latex]By what factor is the average velocity of the blood reduced when it passes into these branches?

[latex]\boldsymbol{n_2\:=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{(1)(\pi)(10\times10^{-3}\textbf{ m})^2(0.27\textbf{ m/s})}{(\pi)(4.0\times10^{-6}\textbf{ m})^2(0.33\times10^{-3}\textbf{ m/s})}}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{=\:5.0\times10^9\textbf{ capillaries}}.[/latex]

First, we solve[latex]\boldsymbol{Q=A\bar{v}}[/latex]for[latex]\boldsymbol{\bar{v}_1}[/latex]and note that the cross-sectional area is[latex]\boldsymbol{A=\pi{r}^2},[/latex]yielding

We can use[latex]\boldsymbol{Q=A\bar{v}}[/latex]to calculate the speed of flow in the aorta and then use the general form of the equation of continuity to calculate the number of capillaries as all of the other variables are known.

4: Blood is flowing through an artery of radius 2 mm at a rate of 40 cm/s. Determine the flow rate and the volume that passes through the artery in a period of 30 s.

Mueller Steam Specialty supplies customers world-wide with all of their requirements for "Y" Strainers. Whether the need is for a simple low pressure cast iron threaded strainer or a large, high pressure special alloy unit with a custom cap design, we have the "Y" strainers that fit the application.

where[latex]\boldsymbol{A}[/latex]is the cross-sectional area and[latex]\boldsymbol{\bar{v}}[/latex]is the average velocity. This equation seems logical enough. The relationship tells us that flow rate is directly proportional to both the magnitude of the average velocity (hereafter referred to as the speed) and the size of a river, pipe, or other conduit. The larger the conduit, the greater its cross-sectional area. Figure 1 illustrates how this relationship is obtained. The shaded cylinder has a volume

The flow rate is given by[latex]\boldsymbol{Q=A\bar{v}}[/latex]or[latex]\boldsymbol{\bar{v}=\frac{Q}{\pi{r}^2}}[/latex]for a cylindrical vessel.

1: What is the average flow rate in[latex]\boldsymbol{\textbf{cm}^3\textbf{/s}}[/latex]of gasoline to the engine of a car traveling at 100 km/h if it averages 10.0 km/L?

Flow rate[latex]\boldsymbol{Q}[/latex]is defined to be the volume of fluid passing by some location through an area during a period of time, as seen in Figure 1. In symbols, this can be written as

All of the Ball-Plex™ units are standard with 316 SS balls and PTFE seats. Other alloys are also available for the balls. Threaded and flanged units are available with full rated pressures from Class 125 to Class 300 (Class 600 flanges also available). With the floating ball design and relatively low torque requirements, it is very easy to automate these units for remote operation.

Today, Mueller Steam Specialty is the world’s largest supplier of strainers and the number one provider of specialty products serving the valve industry. While the company has seen many changes, the dedication to quality, service and delivery remains the same. As always, Mueller Steam Specialty brand strainers and valves will continue to be the premier products of their kind in the marketplace.

2: The heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 L/min. (a) Convert this to[latex]\boldsymbol{\textbf{cm}^3\textbf{/s}}.[/latex](b) What is this rate in[latex]\boldsymbol{\textbf{m}^3\textbf{/s}}?[/latex]

The solution to the last part of the example shows that speed is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the tube, making for large effects when radius varies. We can blow out a candle at quite a distance, for example, by pursing our lips, whereas blowing on a candle with our mouth wide open is quite ineffective.

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All of these strainers are available in a wide variety of materials. Units are maintained in stock with standard materials such as: • Cast Iron • Ductile Iron • 316 SS • 316L SS • Monel • Hastelloy • Bronze • Carbon Steel • 304 SS • Alloy 20

10: The flow rate of blood through a[latex]\boldsymbol{2.00\times10^{-6}\textbf{ -m}}[/latex]-radius capillary is[latex]\boldsymbol{3.80\times10^9\textbf{ cm}^3\textbf{/s}}.[/latex](a) What is the speed of the blood flow? (This small speed allows time for diffusion of materials to and from the blood.) (b) Assuming all the blood in the body passes through capillaries, how many of them must there be to carry a total flow of[latex]\boldsymbol{90.0\textbf{ cm}^3\textbf{/s}}?[/latex](The large number obtained is an overestimate, but it is still reasonable.)

Beginning in New York City as a small specialty manufacturer servicing the valve industry, Mueller Steam Specialty incorporated in 1956 to start manufacturing pipeline strainers. Since then, the company and its product offering have expanded dramatically. The company moved to North Carolina in 1972 and due to its continued growth, moved again in 1992 to a new and larger facility in St. Pauls, North Carolina. There are now over 300,000 square feet of ISO 9001:2000 registered manufacturing space devoted to Mueller’s various product lines. In addition to a full range of pipeline and specialty strainers, the company now manufactures a broad offering of check valves and butterfly valves.

In December 2005, Mueller became a part of the Watts Water Technologies, Inc. family of companies. The resources and support that Watts has added to Mueller have enabled the company to consolidate previous efforts while at the same time plan for future growth and expansion in products and services.

The most critical aspect to any strainer is straining efficiency and durability. Mueller Steam Specialty's many years of experience and continuous improvements provide the highest quality. We carry a larger inventory of perforated metals and meshes than any other strainer manufacturer in the world. Besides standard metals, we carry thousands of variations of materials and openings. Openings range from 1" to 5 microns.

A mountain stream is 10.0 m wide and averages 2.00 m in depth. During the spring runoff, the flow in the stream reaches[latex]\boldsymbol{100,000\textbf{ m}^3\textbf{/s}}.[/latex](a) What is the average velocity of the stream under these conditions? (b) What is unreasonable about this velocity? (c) What is unreasonable or inconsistent about the premises?