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The problem of new psychoactive substance (NPS) abuse, which includes synthetic cannabinoids, is emerging globally, and the cardiotoxicity of these synthetic cannabinoids has not yet been evaluated extensively.

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As a general rule, velocity in corrugated metal hose should never exceed 150 ft/sec for gas or 75 ft/sec for liquids otherwise resonant vibration can occur which can cause very rapid failure of the assembly. Where velocity exceeds these rates, an interlocked metal hose liner or larger hose I.D. is recommended. Contact us for design recommendations.

Jaesuk Yun, Kyung Sik Yoon, Tac-Hyung Lee, Hyunjin Lee, Sun Mi Gu, Yun Jeong Song, Hye Jin Cha, Kyoung Moon Han, Hyewon Seo, Jisoon Shin, Hye-Kyung Park, Hyung Soo Kim, Young-Hoon Kim, Synthetic cannabinoid, JWH-030, induces QT prolongation through hERG channel inhibition, Toxicology Research, Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2016, Pages 1663–1671, https://doi.org/10.1039/c6tx00259e

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This calculator is designed to determine the velocity of liquid flowing through Penflex hoses. Flow rate needs to be in cubic feet per minute (ft3/min) for calculator to work properly. If flow rate is known in gallons per minute (gal/min), input flow rate and click “Convert” before hitting “Calculate.”

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To determine velocity, divide flow rate by cross-sectional area. This simple equation applies only to flowing liquid, not gas, due to the fact that liquid cannot be compressed and therefore density and volume remain the same. On the other hand, changes in gas pressure and temperature affect those inputs, and a more complex calculation is needed to determine velocity when flow media is gas.

The problem of new psychoactive substance (NPS) abuse, which includes synthetic cannabinoids, is emerging globally, and the cardiotoxicity of these synthetic cannabinoids has not yet been evaluated extensively. In the present study, we investigated the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on the cytotoxicity, human Ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel, action potential duration (APD), and QT interval. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that JWH-030 was more cytotoxic than JWH-210, JWH-250, and RCS4 in H9c2 cells at 0.1 μM. In addition, the cytotoxicity was associated with its pro-apoptotic effects as evidenced by the increase in caspase-3 levels. We demonstrated that a cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) antagonist, AM630, inhibited JWH-030-induced cytotoxicity, whereas a CB1 antagonist, rimonabant, did not. Furthermore, fluorescence polarization assay showed JWH-030 to block the hERG channel (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 was 88.36 μM). JWH-030 significantly reduced the APD at 90% repolarization (APD90) in rabbit Purkinje fibers and decreased the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in Langendorff-perfused Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat hearts at 30 μM. In addition, the electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement revealed that the intravenous injection of JWH-030 (0.5 mg kg−1) prolonged the QT interval in SD rats. These results suggest that JWH-030 is cytotoxic and its cytotoxicity is mediated by its action on the CB2 receptor; it prolongs the QT interval by regulating ion current channels and APD.

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