If backflow pressure is greater than upflow pressure, the second gate closes; if the second gate cannot close due to debris, the first gate will close, and the relief valve will open. Back siphonage is handled in the same way. Even if both gates are stuck open with debris, neither backflow nor back siphonage can contaminate the potable water, as the problem will be directed out from the backflow preventer via the relief valve.

A Reduced Pressure Zone Assembly (RPZA) is more advanced than some of the other listed options. These kinds of assemblies with reduced pressure zones are some of the most comprehensive backflow prevention systems on the market. In applications where it's vital to prevent contaminated water from entering your main water supply line, the RPZA system is ideal. It consists of several different parts, including:

Because of the double check valve design, combined with the diaphragm and relief valve, a backflow preventer is practically foolproof. Fouls like debris, which may force a gate to be stuck open, are managed by a pressure equalization that will open the relief valve, alerting you there is a problem. Likewise, backflow is prevented in the same way--the valves respond to pressure.

Tommy Stricklin is Springwell Water's chief water specialist with more than 2 decades of experience and knowledge within the residential water industry.

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One of the many advantages is that a backflow preventer is extremely versatile. Backflow preventers work in many different scenarios, from an irrigation system to a fire hydrant and even a fire sprinkler system.

If you've been considering which plumbing device helps prevent a backflow, you already know that there are several types of backflow preventers on the market. Let's take a closer look:

With that in mind, we recommend adding a higher chlorine concentration (about 500 ppm) to address these bacteria problems. We also suggest shock-chlorinating your well about 2-3 times yearly if you are experiencing bacteria contamination and don’t have an automatic chlorinator or chemical injection system. Without continuously injecting disinfectant into the water, the iron and manganese bacteria will likely resurface and continue to cause problems in your water.

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Temperature fluctuations can also lead to backflow. This is because the water pressure may change drastically in response to temperature changes, especially in the case of frozen pipes. The change in water pressure can easily lead to backflow in a different part of the system.

Of course, you don’t want to drink or shower with chlorinated water. It can burn your nose and eyes and damage your clothes, surfaces, and who knows what else over time. That’s why we recommend adding our Whole-House Water Filter to our Well Water Chemical Injection System after it’s installed.

It works as a mixing tool, as it combines both cold and hot water to correctly produce the required water temperature to be released from a particular outlet.

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Related: How to Remove Hard Water Stains from Your Plumbing Fixtures: A Detailed Guide | What Causes Pink Bathroom Slime, and How Do I Remove It?

Another likely cause of backflow lies in sudden dips in water pressure. When there is a sudden dip in pressure on the main water supply line, the water pipes may begin pushing water backward to equalize the pressure in the system. This is also a type of backflow.

Finally, you may encounter a similar situation to the one discussed above, but from different causes. When there's an increase in water pressure on the receiving side of the water main, you'll also encounter backflow as the water pipes try to equalize the pressure vacuum formed by the sudden pressure changes. This is known as reverse pressure.

While cleaning your fixtures regularly or flushing the main supply line can be effective, these are only temporary fixes that will cost you time and money but won’t solve the issue. Unless you address the root cause, it’s only a matter of time before the black slime returns.

As for manganese bacteria, they are not considered dangerous. They are not known to present a health risk. They can, however, cause aesthetic issues in water, like metallic taste and smell and stains on tubs/showers, toilets, plumbing fixtures, and laundry.

There you have it. The black, slimy stuff on your fixtures is no longer a mystery. While alarming to find, it shouldn’t leave you worried or fearful. Yes, it can be a little stinky and make your home appear unclean, but the black gunk itself isn’t a health hazard.

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A Double Check Valve Assembly (DCVA) has double check valves that are, arguably, more complex than those listed above. They're a better choice than pressure vacuum breakers for certain high-risk applications (fire sprinkler systems, for example).

The chlorine is stored in a solution tank, pumped into the pipeline under pressure, and mixed with the well water in a contact tank until needed. This gives the water enough contact time with the chlorine to eliminate even more microbial contaminants. The pumps adjust how much disinfectant they use based on how quickly your water flows. This helps maintain a precise residual.

The whole-house system helps remove/reduce chlorine in the water once it finishes its disinfection. The injector system even has a timer feature, allowing regular “shock doses” of chlorine to prevent iron and manganese bacteria regrowth. The result? Clean, chemical-free water for showering, drinking, and all your household needs.

The minerals combine with oxygen when the water is exposed to air—like on your kitchen faucet aerator or shower head. Oxidized iron forms yellowish or reddish deposits, which we know as rust, while oxidized manganese appears brown or black.

The system maintains an “air pocket” at the top of the tank while in service. Iron, sulfur, and manganese oxidize as water passes through the air pocket. The oxidized contaminants are then filtered out of the water.

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Too much of these metals can also make water taste bitter and stain toilets, sinks, and laundry. That’s why the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that iron and manganese shouldn’t exceed 0.3 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and 0.05 mg/L, respectively, as these guidelines help prevent bad taste and staining.

If you want to comply with regulations, it can be essential to install backflow preventers where two or more pipes meet. Simple check valves generally aren't enough to qualify as a complete backflow prevention system, even though they may be sufficient to prevent backflow in certain cases.

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If you have black slime on your fixtures, test your water to see if it contains iron, manganese, or both. While you can clean your faucets, showerheads, sinks, and other areas to remove the sludge, install a whole-house oxidizing filter system to remove the metals and a chemical injection system to destroy any bacteria in the water. You can also follow our shock chlorination guide to learn how to disinfect your well water system.

ETR Laboratories offers quality and reliable water test kits with specific instructions for collecting and submitting the water sample. The results are usually reported in a couple of days. Plus, once they’ve sent out the results, they offer free follow-up phone calls with their experts to ensure you know how to improve your water quality and remove harmful contaminants.

To fully understand what a backflow preventer is and answer questions like, "What does a backflow preventer do," we first need to discuss what backflow is.

Black slime can appear on your fixtures and surfaces regardless of your water source. However, if your water comes from a private well, it likely contains more manganese than those on city water—hence a higher chance of seeing those black, slimy deposits. That’s because the EPA doesn’t regulate private wells. Private well owners are responsible for testing their water and treating it if necessary.

Understandably, you may feel worried and uncertain knowing the guidelines are just recommendations. When it comes to drinking water safety, stricter regulation often brings people peace of mind. So, let’s explore some simple and practical methods to remove black stains from your fixtures and prevent manganese contamination in your water supply.

There are two different types of situations to consider here. Back siphonage happens when there is negative pressure in the supply feed: a vacuum is created that allows water to siphon in the reverse direction. Backflow, on the other hand, is caused by back pressure--this happens when the pressure of the non-potable water is greater than the pressure of the drinking water as it is supplied from a distribution or source. Fluid flows from high to low pressure regions, resulting in contamination of the drinking water.

Much like iron, a little manganese in your water shouldn’t be a problem. Trace amounts of both in your diet help maintain good health. Manganese, in particular, provides many health benefits in low doses. But that doesn’t mean ingesting more is necessarily better. The opposite may be true.

Chemical injection systems automatically feed chlorine or other chemical disinfectant into your water supply to kill microbes that can cause the black gunk on your fixtures. It’s way more efficient and convenient than having to shock-chlorinate your well manually.

The filter uses a patented piston in the control valve to perform the whole oxidation process in one tank, keeping maintenance costs and downtime to a minimum. Furthermore, the system can remove up to 7 parts per million (PPM) of iron and 1 PPM of manganese and requires no maintenance. The regeneration process also adds a fresh air pocket to the system, which removes any sulfur (rotten egg) smell in the water.

That slimy black gunk on your fixtures is likely oxidized manganese, a metal often found in trace amounts alongside iron in drinking water. Water can pick up both as it travels through soil and rock, but iron can also come from corroded pipes and plumbing made from galvanized steel.

The Pressure Vacuum Breaker (PVB) is more robust than the AVB system, but these backflow preventers work best for low to medium-risk applications, like your irrigation system or sprinkler system. It combines the mechanical properties of a spring, check valves, and a critical vacuum to help ensure that the system is protected against backflow.

As if that wasn’t bad enough, a study published in the journal Frontiers of Microbiology suggests that ingesting too much of certain metals, such as manganese and iron (from drinking water), “may cause mild symptoms such as anorexia, weakness, apathy, and learning and understanding problems, but can also cause serious diseases such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease.”

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We have found that installing a backflow prevention device is crucial to maintaining water quality. In some cases, the failure to install backflow preventers can lead to the contamination of an entire water source, rendering it unusable.

Once this zone is filled, the second gate opens. This is normal water travel through a backflow preventer. When the inlet is shut off, both gates close and no backflow gets through.

When you pour the water, these particles can settle out, possibly giving it a red, brown, or black tint. But sometimes, certain bacteria may feed on the oxidized manganese and produce a distinct black gooey substance. You’ll likely see an orange-brown slime if it’s iron bacteria.

Aside from manganese bacteria, rubber seals in your water heater and corroded pipes can also cause black gunk on your fixtures. There’s also a slight chance you’re seeing mold, though this is rarely the case. Mold typically grows in dark, damp places with little water movement. So, it’s very unlikely that mold is growing on your faucet aerators—unless they haven’t been used for a long time. The only surefire way to know what’s in your water is to have it tested, preferably by a certified laboratory.

As explained earlier, iron and manganese bacteria feed off oxidized forms of the metals to create a slimy buildup on your fixtures. Therefore, the first step should be to cut off their food supply. That means eliminating the oxidized iron and manganese from the water supply.

This phenomenon is widespread in areas with high levels of iron and manganese in the water, such as regions relying on well water.

The best way to achieve this is to install an oxidizing filter, such as the Springwell WS1 Whole House Well Water Filter System. This system uses a powerful Air Injection Oxidizer to remove iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide from well water.

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Chlorine is toxic to coliform bacteria and other waterborne microbes like parasites, viruses, fungi, molds, and algae. These microbes commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, well casings, plumbing lines, and storage tanks. However, iron and manganese bacteria are more chlorine-resistant because the slime they secrete usually absorbs some chlorine before it reaches the bacteria.

When you take a closer look at the backflow preventer and how it works, you'll find that most backflow prevention assemblies rely on the use of check valves. Here’s how a backflow preventer works:

The purpose of a backflow preventer is to prevent the backflow we discussed above. Whether it's to protect a potable water supply line or to preserve sensitive equipment that only runs in a specific direction, having a backflow preventer installed is essential.

When you need to prevent backflow in your system, or backflow prevention is a legal requirement for your industry, you're in the right place. In fact, you can find backflow preventers--made by Apollo--right here on our website.

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To prevent backflow, as well as back siphonage, a backflow preventer incorporates a series of check points that respond to pressure. These points are check valves that open and close, allowing upflow travel and stopping reverse travel.

If you’re confident iron or manganese bacteria is the issue (as confirmed by a water test), there are various steps you can take to prevent the problem.

Shock chlorination involves adding a relatively high chlorine concentration (about 200 ppm) to the water to disinfect it. As you probably know, chlorine is a popular chemical disinfectant used in most public water systems in America.

If you've enjoyed this tidbit about backflow preventers, you may also like other articles such as T-Port Vs. L-Port or Why Choose Apollo Ball Valves. If you have additional questions about backflow prevention, or you'd like help with your particular system, feel free to contact us; we'd love to help you.

If you want to prevent backflow, it can be helpful to understand what causes it. In our experience, there are several different reasons why you may encounter backflow, including the following:

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A backflow preventer is typically installed anywhere in a piping system that involves major cross-connections. For example, a water authority might require backflow preventers for fire protection systems. The backflow preventer’s job in this case, is to prevent non-potable fire fighting water from contaminating municipal potable water.

You pride yourself on a spotless bathroom and kitchen. But perhaps lately, you’ve started noticing black, slimy buildup on your fixtures—faucets, shower heads, toilets, sinks, you name it. Eager to restore their gleaming shine, you grabbed the strongest cleaner you could find. The residue went away for a time, but there it was again: that nasty, stubborn slime.

Follow these tips, and you’ll be on your way to having clean water throughout your house and no longer being bothered by black, nasty-looking stains or slime.

Backflow preventers are applied anywhere there is a cross connection in a potable water system, as these systems also direct wastewater, sprinkler systems, fire sprinklers, etc. They are the fail-safe standing between you and unsafe drinking water.

When a simple check valve is inadequate for the job, you need a backflow preventer. But knowing you need one and understanding how they work are two different things entirely. Unlike an inline check valve, which prevents fluid from traveling backward through the system, a backflow preventer is far more complicated, particularly because it does more than simply regulate backflow.

Backflow may be caused by improper pipe sizing, so ensuring appropriate sizing is essential to help prevent backflow. The wrong pipe sizes may lead to an increase in water pressure, causing backflows in certain parts of the system.

As part of their guidelines, the EPA suggests keeping manganese in water under 0.05 milligrams per liter to avoid issues like black stains and metallic tastes. They’ve also advised extra caution for infants, recommending iron levels below 0.3 mg/L. While they don’t require testing or set concrete limits, the EPA has provided useful benchmarks to guide local decision-makers and water utilities to address potential iron and manganese contamination.

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Unfortunately, the government doesn’t regulate how much manganese can be in your drinking water. The EPA has set some voluntary safety standards and health guidelines related to manganese. However, as “voluntary” suggests, they aren’t legally enforced rules water utilities must follow.

We have found many benefits to installing a backflow prevention device. Some of these are fairly simple, while others make a significant difference. Let's discuss why you should consider purchasing one.

In our opinion, having a backflow preventer installed can also help safeguard your health. It does this by preventing contaminated water from entering potable water sources and preventing bacteria from entering places they don't belong.

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There are two gates (i.e. check valves), an empty space between them, and a diaphragm that is activated by pressure. As upflow water pushes against the first gate, exceeding a preset psi, it is directed to the reservoir of the diaphragm. When cracking pressure is reached, the diaphragm depresses and closes a relief valve. As pressure builds, exceeding the next preset psi, the gate opens, allowing the chamber to fill.

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While at-home tests are usually more affordable and offer some accuracy, laboratory testing is often more thorough and precise. The latter can reveal the extent of the contamination problem and detect other contamination issues. It can also measure other vital parameters like hardness level, pH (acidity or alkalinity), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, etc.

These are the main types of backflow preventers available for purchase. If you’re going to buy one, we’d recommend the double check valve assembly or reduced pressure zone assembly for most applications.

Atmospheric Vacuum Breakers (AVB) are a type of backflow preventer that works well for low-hazard applications. These backflow prevention devices operate on a fairly simple concept, combining the mechanical abilities of a simple spring and a float. Typically, the pressure of the fluid opens the valve in the appropriate direction. However, when the system loses pressure due to backflow, the float falls, and the spring-loaded check valve closes.

Like most people, you probably don’t want that nasty black gunk anywhere near your home. But if it’s already taken up residence on different fixtures and surfaces, follow this straightforward process to get them sparkling clean again.

Backflow is when fluids within a plumbing system run in the opposite direction of where you want them to go. Let's say you're running an irrigation system, for instance. While connected water lines may run potable water supply and treated irrigation water side-by-side, a backflow of irrigation water into the potable water system would be disastrous, as it might lead to contamination of drinking water, resulting in disease and other health or environmental problems. Installing a backlow preventer is ideal in these cases.

Google “how to remove black slime from fixtures,” and you’ll be bombarded with well-meaning recommendations that won’t solve the underlying issue—iron and manganese in your water supply. Filtering the offending minerals is the only way to get a permanent fix. Once the iron and manganese are gone, the black gunk will most likely be a thing of the past!

If this has been your experience, you’re not alone. Many homeowners report seeing this disgusting gunk on their fixtures—even those with stringent cleaning routines. So, before you start scrubbing everything from top to bottom, let’s figure out what could be causing these strange black deposits, their potential health effects, and how to get rid of them.

Your backflow prevention device requires general maintenance to ensure that it functions as well as it should. While most of the backflow preventers on the market have safeguards in place to prevent complete failure, there are still opportunities for failure when you don't practise regular maintenance.

According to the Minnesota Department of Health, “Children and adults who drink water with high levels of manganese for a long time may have problems with memory, attention, and motor skills. Infants (babies under one-year-old) may develop learning and behavior problems if they drink water with too much manganese in it.”