During the fluid flow process, pressure drop will occur due to friction and local resistance (such as elbows, valves, etc.), which affects the accurate measurement of flow.

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Of course, others include tank pressure, gas pressure, etc. You may refer to: Difference Between Static Pressure, Dynamic Pressure And Total Pressure

To understand the relationship between flow and pressure, we need to understand what flow and pressure are, and the definition of pipe diameter.

It is important to monitor pressure and flow in pipelines, they directly affect the performance and safety of your fluid system! So, let’s take a look at their relationship.

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• ASSE - the American Society of Sanitary Engineers publishes standards aimed at preventing unsanitary design in plumbing systems. Most thermostatic mixing valves will be specified as compliant with an ASSE standard, as this is the most widely adopted spec by manufacturers and code inspectors.

Sino-Inst is a Professional flowmeter manufacturer and supplier from China. Sino-Inst offers over 100 flow meter products. About 30% of these are magnetic flow meters, and others are turbine, vortex, ultrasonic, and mass flow meters. Differential pressure flow meters are most widely used. A wide variety of flow meter options are available to you, such as free samples, paid samples.

Of course, we use DN more often. It facilitates the unification of pipe size standards globally, making our flow meters and other products compatible with pipe products produced in different countries.

Pressure and flow in pipelines are two important parameters for industrial processes. Pressure or differential pressure, flow rate, and pipe diameter are all related. For example, Bernoulli equation, Poiseuille equation, etc., all try to sort out the relationship between pipeline flow, pressure, and pipe diameter.

Pressure and flow: Poiseuille’s law states that flow is proportional to the pressure difference. The greater the pressure difference, the greater the flow in the pipe.Pipe diameter and flow rate: Flow rate is proportional to the fourth power of pipe diameter, which means that small changes in pipe diameter can cause significant changes in flow rate. As the pipe diameter increases, the flow rate increases significantly.

Accurate understanding and calculation of flow-pressure relationships is critical to ensuring efficient and safe operation of piping systems. We hope that this article can provide valuable reference and guidance for your work in this field. If you need related pressure transmitters or flow meters, you can contact our sales engineers at any time!

Different manufacturers will have different requirements for the installation of their thermostatic mixing valves, though there are a handful of universal best practices to keep in mind, including:

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Q is the volumetric flow rate,P1 and P2 are the pressures at both ends of the pipe,r is the radius of the pipe,μ is the viscosity of the fluid,L is the length of the pipe.

• Energy and Consumption Efficiency - compared to non-recirculated hot water lines from hot water heaters, thermostatic valves cut water waste and energy consumption by reducing the amount of time an operator has to draw water before it hits the desired temperature.

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Turbulence is a complex state in fluid flow. It is characterized by unstable fluid motion and random vortices. The presence of turbulence can complicate flow calculations and measurements.

1. OEM Requirements - follow the manufacturer's installation and maintenance requirements explicitly. Some details such as orientation and straight piping lengths can impact the valve's ability to reliably hit the desired outlet temperature, or worse, could risk dangerous failure. Even if two different models physically appear similar, check the manual - they may have important internal differences that impact installation.

The relationship between pressure and flow is complex. Through Bernoulli’s equation and Poiseuille’s law, we can reveal the basic dynamic principles of fluid movement in pipes. However, the emergence of practical problems such as turbulence and pressure loss reminds us that more careful considerations and precise operations are needed in practical applications.

• Industry Guidelines - a wealth of information specific to certain industries and applications can be found through industry trade associations, non-profits, national laboratories, and academic sources.

• Local Municipal and Public Health Codes - local building departments are the most direct regulators of hot water temperatures in new and remodel construction projects. Local and regional public health departments are often the regulating bodies charged with ongoing enforcement where public health is involved, such as with food manufacturing and restaurants.

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For example: Copely can easily calculate the average volumetric flow rate of a fluid by changing each of three variables: length, pressure, and pore size.The impact on the predicted traffic is then given in three graphs, where two variables are held constant and the traffic is plotted against a range of values for the third variable.

• Microorganism Defense - domestic water is highly susceptible to microorganism and bacterial activity (notably legionella), especially at warm temperatures which drive rapid spore propagation. Heating water above this spore growth temperature range can inhibit and destroy these microorganisms.

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When calculating and measuring fluid flow using Bernoulli’s equation or Poiseuille’s law, you may encounter problems such as turbulence and pressure loss.

2. Hydraulic Design - thermostatic valves are not just selected for their pipe size, but also for specific hydraulic conditions such as pressure, flow, temperature, and fluid properties. For example, hydraulically undersized valves can cause pressure and flow issues, and oversized valves can lead to poor temperature regulation.

Thermostatic mixing valves are mechanical devices that connect to hot and cold water sources, and by regulating the proportion of hot to cold water blended together within the valve, they automatically provide tempered discharge water at a specific temperature. Inside the valve, a spring-loaded thermostat dynamically adjusts the amount of hot and cold water flowing through the valve, with the spring tension set to achieve the desired outlet temperature (either adjusted by an operator or set constant at the factory).

• National and State Building Codes - nationally-recognized building codes such as the Uniform Building Code (UBC) and International Building Code (IBC) are adopted and enforced by states that don't otherwise publish their own state building code.

Poiseuille’s law applies to laminar flow of viscous fluids in pipes. It describes the relationship between flow rate, pressure gradient and pipe diameter.

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Differential pressure flowmeters are device that use the principle of Bernoulli’s equation to measure fluid flow. A pressure difference is created before and after the throttling device. By measuring this pressure difference and combining the characteristics of the pipe and fluid, the flow rate of the fluid can be calculated. Common ones include orifice plates, venturis, nozzles, and any structure that makes it easy to measure differential pressure.

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“Pressure” is a continuous physical force exerted on an object it comes into contact with. What we are talking about here is the pressure of the fluid in the pipe.

No equation alone can encompass the relationship between pressure and flow of a fluid in motion. Different applications and conditions may involve different types of equations. Here we briefly discuss two different common equations related to pressure and flow: Bernoulli’s equation and Poiseuille’s law.

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To recap, hot water systems used in commercial and industrial applications often generate hot water at a higher temperature than needed for reasons rooted in energy efficiency, water-borne illness defense, and regulatory compliance. Large systems may produce over 140°F water in order to stave off legionella blooms, but this water must be stepped down to safer temperatures before the water is discharged for human contact (typically 80°F to 120°F). Other process applications will have different temperature profiles. Thermostatic mixing valves provide a simple mechanical solution for blending hot and cold water streams to create this tempered discharge. When installed correctly, in full compliance with applicable regulatory requirements, and properly maintained, thermostatic valves can operate behind the scenes providing safe, consistent, on-demand tempered water for the life of your commercial or industrial application.

• ANSI - the American National Standards Institute is a nonprofit organization that publishes voluntary consensus standards that many code enforcers, manufacturers, installers, and end users choose to adopt.

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• National Industry Codes - certain nationally regulated industries will have their own requirements, such as the United States Department of Agriculture's standards for food manufacturing facilities.

Bernoulli’s equation and Poiseuille’s law describe the movement of fluid in pipelines from different perspectives. Through these two equations, the complex relationship between pressure, flow rate and pipe diameter in the pipeline system can be understood and calculated. Bernoulli’s equation is more applicable to ideal fluids and high-speed flows, while Poiseuille’s law is applicable to laminar flow states of viscous fluids.

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Hot water is a widely regulated utility, with many governing agencies having a say in the design and temperature setpoint of any given system regardless of the industry or application. Below are the most common regulatory bodies involved with water temperature, and readers are encouraged to confirm their applicable requirements with local building officials, licensed mechanical engineers, and/or licensed plumbing contractors.

3. Minimize Discharge Leg Distance - once tempered water is produced through the mixing valve, it must flow to the point of use through its discharge piping. If this discharge leg is too long, tempered water will take a relatively long time to push out the residual cold water in that leg and make it to the point of use. Especially for sinks and eyewash stations where immediate tempered flow is expected, mixing valves should be installed as close to the fixture’s inlet connection as possible.

4. Isolate from Other Thermal Sources - mixing valves rely on their internal or external thermostat to properly achieve the desired outlet temperature, but if the thermostat is being influenced by adjacent hot or cold thermal sources, the valve could miss its target.

• Thermal Losses - hot water will drop in temperature as it sits in storage tanks and flows through distribution piping, so is often generated at higher temperatures in order to tolerate shedding heat during transit but remain above the desired minimum end-use temperature.

Let's answer with an example application. A large industrial manufacturing plant may have four separate cleaning areas throughout their facility that require 120°F water to wash off products between production steps. A central hot water system is installed to supply hot water to these areas. The system itself has to operate at 140°F (for reasons we'll explain below), so thermostatic mixing valves are installed at each cleaning room to blend 140°F hot water and 60°F cold water together to create the 120°F tempered water desired. With this example in mind, now to explain the challenges being addressed by setting the central hot water system at a higher temperature than the end-use temperature:

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And, GIGAcalculator supports easily calculating the volumetric flow rate (aka discharge) of a pipe given the size of the pipe and the pressure difference between the two ends of the pipe or the velocity of the liquid or gas flowing through the pipe. The flow calculator can also calculate the mass flow rate of a fluid given the density of the fluid.

Many commercial and industrial applications call for heated water at a temperature safe for human contact. Facilities often install high-temperature central hot water systems for a variety of technical reasons, and this high-temp water produced must be tempered down to safe levels before connecting to sinks, showers, hose stations, and manufacturing equipment. To perform this tempering work, we turn to thermostatic mixing valves, a class of valves that blend hot and cold water streams together on the fly to achieve a desired intermediate water temperature. In this article, we'll discuss the purpose and function of thermostatic mixing valves, including installation tips and regulatory considerations.

Pipe diameter refers to the size of the pipe, which may be the inner diameter (ID), outer diameter (OD), or nominal diameter (DN).In pipeline engineering and fluid transmission, pipe diameter directly affects the flow efficiency of fluid and the carrying capacity of the pipeline.

Bernoulli’s equation is a fundamental principle in fluid mechanics that describes the relationship between flow velocity, pressure, and height in an ideal fluid (that is, an incompressible and frictionless fluid). The general form of the equation is as follows:

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In the pipeline system, pipeline flow refers to the amount of fluid passing through a certain section of the pipeline per unit time.

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in:P represents the pressure of the fluid,ρ is the density of the fluid,v is the velocity of the fluid,g is the acceleration due to gravity,ℎ is the height of the fluid relative to the reference point.

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Typically, flow can be expressed in terms of volume flow or mass flow.Volume flow refers to the volume of fluid flowing through a pipe cross-section per unit time, usually expressed in units such as cubic meters per second (m³/s) or cubic meters per hour (m³/h).Mass flow refers to the mass of fluid flowing through a pipe section per unit time, usually expressed in units such as kilograms per second (kg/s).

In addition to calculating it ourselves, there are actually a variety of online calculators that can calculate flow and pressure based on our various input parameters (such as pipe diameter, fluid type, and velocity).

• OSHA - federal and state-level Occupational Safety and Health Administration offices issue standards that often reference other regulations, integrating these requirements together for the specific purpose of protecting worker safety.

• Regulatory Compliance - given the above point, substantial regulatory and legal requirements govern water temperature as a function of public health and employee safety.